سرفصل های پیشنهادی برای سطح 1 آزمون پرتونگاری

    c. Labeling

    d. Use

    e. Use of collimators to reduce personnel exposure

    f.* Use of "source changers" for gamma-ray sources

7. Emergency Procedures

    a.* Vehicle accidents with radioactive sealed sources

    b.* Fire involving sealed sources

    c.* "Source out" - failure to return to safe shielded conditions

    d.* Emergency call list

8. Storage and Shipment of Exposed Devices and Sources
   
 a.* Vehicle storage
   
 b.* Storage vault - permanent
   
 c.* Shipping instructions - sources
   
 d.* Receiving instructions Ñ radioactive material

9. State and Federal Regulations
   
 a. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) and agreement states   
    -authority
  
  b. License reciprocity
  
  c. Radioactive materials license requirements for   
      industrial radiography
  
  d. Qualification requirements for radiography personnel
  
  e. Regulations for the control of radiation (state or NRC as  
      applicable)
  
  f.* Department of Transportation regulations for radiographic-
       source shipment
 
   g. Regulatory requirements for X-ray machines (state and
      federal as applicable)

*Topics may be deleted if the radiography is limited to
  X-ray exposure devices.

Radiographic Equipment Operating and Emergency Instructions Course

1. Personnel Monitoring

    a. Wearing of monitoring badges

    b. Reading of pocket dosimeters

    c. Recording of daily dosimeter readings

    d. "Off-scale" dosimeter-action required

    e. Permissible exposure limits

2. Survey Instruments

    a. Types of radiation instruments

    b. Reading and interpreting meter indications

    c. Calibration frequency

    d. Calibration expiration - action

    e. Battery check - importance

3. Leak Testing of Sealed Radioactive Sources
   
    a. Requirements for leak testing

    b. Purpose of leak testing

    c. Performance of leak testing

4. Radiation Survey Reports

    a. Requirements for completion

    b. Description of report format

5. Radiographic Work Practices

   
    a. Establishment of restricted areas
   
    b. Posting and surveillance of restricted areas
   
    c. Use of time, distance, and shielding to
        reduce        
        personnel radiation exposure
  
    d. Applicable regulatory requirements for surveys,
        posting, and control of radiation and high- radiation
        areas

6. Exposure Devices

    a. Daily inspection and maintenance
  
    b.* Radiation exposure limits for gamma-ray    
          exposure devices
 

   h. Acute radiation exposure and somatic injury

    I. Personnel monitoring for tracking exposure

    j. Organ radio sensitivity

7. Radiation Detection

    a. Pocket dosimeter

    b. Difference between dose and dose rate

    c. Survey instruments

          (1) Geiger-Miller tube

          (2) Ionization chambers

          (3) Scintillation chambers, counters

    d. Film badge - radiation detector

    e. TLDs (thermoluminescent dosimeters)

    f. Calibration

8. Exposure Devices and Radiation Sources

    a. Radioisotope sources

        (1) Sealed-source design and fabrication

        (2) Gamma-ray sources

        (3) Beta and bremsstrahlung sources

        (4) Neutron sources

    b. Radioisotope exposure device characteristics

    c. Electronic radiation sources - 500 keV and less, low-energy

        (1) Generator - high-voltage rectifiers

        (2) X-ray tube design and fabrication

        (3) X-ray control circuits

        (4) Accelerating potential

        (5) Target material and configuration

        (6) Heat dissipation

        (7) Duty cycle

        (8) Beam filtration

    d.* Electronic radiation sources - medium- and high-energy

        (1)*Resonance transformer

        (2)*Van de Graaff accelerator

        (3)*Linac

        (4)*Betatron

        (5)*Roentgen output

        (6)*Equipment design and fabrication

        (7)*Beam filtration

    e.* Fluoroscopic radiation sources

        (1)*Fluoroscopic equipment design

        (2)*Direct-viewing screens

        (3)*Image amplification

        (4)*Special X-ray tube considerations and duty cycle

        (5)*Screen unsharpness

        (6)*Screen conversion efficiency

9. Special Radiographic Sources and Techniques

    a.* Flash radiography

    b.* Stereo radiography

    c.* In-motion radiography

    d.* Autoradiography
 

*Topics may be deleted if these methods and techniques
   are not used by the employer

Basic Radiographic Physics Course

1. Introduction

    a. History and discovery of radioactive materials

    b. Definition of industrial radiography

    c. Radiation protection-why?

    d. Basic math review: exponents, square root, etc.

2. Fundamental Properties of Matter

    a. Elements and atoms

    b. Molecules and compounds

    c. Atomic particles - properties of protons, electrons,
       and neutrons
 
    d. Atomic structure
  
    e. Atomic number and weight
  
    f. Isotope vs. radioisotope

3. Radioactive Materials

    a. Production
       
       (1)Neutron activation
       
       (2) Nuclear fission
  
    b. Stable vs. unstable (radioactive) atoms
   
    c. Curie - the unit of activity
   
    d. Half-life of radioactive materials
   
    e. Plotting of radioactive decay
  
    f. Specific activity - curies/gram

4. Types of Radiation

    a. Particulate radiation - properties: alpha, beta,  
       neutron
   
    b. Electromagnetic radiation - X-ray, gamma ray
  
    c. X-ray production
 
    d. Gamma-ray production
 
    e. Gamma-ray energy
  
   f. Energy characteristics of common radioisotope  
      sources
 
   g. Energy characteristics of X-ray machines

5. Interaction of Radiation with Matter
   
   a. Ionization
  
   b. Radiation interaction with matter
  
         (1) Photoelectric effect
  
         (2) Compton scattering
 
         (3) Pair production
  
   c. Unit of radiation exposure - the roentgen
 
   d. Emissivity of commonly used radiographic sources
 
   e. Emissivity of X-ray exposure devices
  
   f. Attenuation of electromagnetic radiation Ñ shielding
  
   g. Half-value layers; tenth-value layers
  
   h. Inverse-square law

6. Biological Effects of Radiation
  
  a. "Natural" background radiation
  
  b. Unit of radiation dose - rem
   
  c. Difference between radiation and contamination
 
  d. Allowable personnel - exposure limits and the
       banking concept
   
  e. Theory of allowable dose
  
  f. Radiation damage - repair concept
  
  g. Symptoms of radiation injury

      (6) Inverse-square-law considerations

      (7) Calculation of exposure time for gamma and X-ray
           sources
  
     d. Characteristic Hurter and Driffield (H&D) curve
   
     e. Film speed and class descriptions
  
     f. Selection of film for particular purpose

4. Radiographic Image Quality

    a. Radiographic sensitivity

    b. Radiographic contrast

    c. Film contrast

    d. Subject contrast

    e. Definition

    f. Film graininess and screen mottle effects

    g. Penetrameters or image-quality indicators

5. Film Handling, Loading, and Processing

    a. Safe light and darkroom practices

    b. Loading bench and cleanliness

    c. Opening of film boxes and packets

    d. Loading of film and sealing cassettes

    e. Handling techniques for "green film"

    f. Elements of manual film processing

6. Exposure Techniques - Radiography

    a. Single-wall radiography

    b. Double-wall radiography

        (1) Viewing two walls simultaneously

        (2) Offset double-wall exposure single-wall viewing

        (3) Elliptical techniques

    c. Panoramic radiography

    d. Use of multiple-film loading

    e. Specimen configuration

7. Fluoroscopic Techniques

    a. Dark adaptation and eye sensitivity

    b. Special scattered radiation techniques

    c. Personnel protection

    d. Sensitivity

    e. Limitations

    f. Direct screen viewing

    g. Indirect and remote screen viewing

Radiographic Technique Course

1. Introduction

   
a. Process of radiography
   
b. Types of electromagnetic radiation sources
   
c. Electromagnetic spectrum
   
d. Penetrating ability or "quality" of X-rays and gamma  
    rays
   
e. Spectrum of X-ray tube source
  
f. Spectrum of gamma-radioisotope source
   
g. X-ray tube - change of ma or kVp effect on "quality"   
     and intensity

2. Basic Principles of Radiography
  
a. Geometric exposure principles
     
     (1) "Shadow" formation and distortion
     
     (2) Shadow enlargement calculation
 
     (3) Shadow sharpness
    
     (4) Geometric unsharpness
     
     (5) Finding discontinuity depth
   
b. Radiographic screens
      
     (1) Lead intensifying screens
      
     (2) Fluorescent intensifying screens
      
     (3) Intensifying factors
     
     (4) Importance of screen-to-film contact
     
     (5) Importance of screen cleanliness and care
     
     (6) Techniques for cleaning screens
  
  c. Radiographic cassettes
  
  d. Composition of industrial radiographic film
  
  e. The "heel effect" with X-ray tubes

3. Radiographs
   
 a. Formation of the latent image on film
 
 b. Inherent unsharpness
  
  c. Arithmetic of radiographic exposure
   
     (1) Milliamperage - distance-time relationship
    
     (2) Reciprocity law
    
     (3) Photographic density
    
     (4) X-ray exposure charts - material thickness, kV,
         and exposure
     
     (5) Gamma-ray exposure chart

سرفصل های پیشنهادی برای سطح 2 آزمون پرتونگاری
 

        (5) Poor definition

        (6) Fog

        (7) Lightleaks

        (8) Artifacts

    H. Film density

        (1) Step-wedge comparison film

        (2) Densitometers

3. Indications, Discontinuities, and Defects

    a. Indications

    b. Discontinuities

        (1) Inherent

        (2) Processing

        (3) Service

     c. Defects

4. Manufacturing Processes and Associated Discontinuities

    a. Casting processes and associated discontinuities

        (1) Ingots, blooms, and billets

        (2) Sand casting

        (3) Centrifugal casting

        (4) Investment casting

    b. Wrought processes and associated
        discontinuities
        (1) Forgings

        (2) Rolled products

        (3) Extruded products

    c. Welding processes and associated discontinuities

        (1) Submerged arc welding (SAW)

        (2) Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW)

        (3) Gas metal arc welding (GMAW)

        (4) Flux corded arc welding (FCAW)

        (5) Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW)

        (6) Resistance welding

        (7) Special welding processes - electron beam,   
             electroslag, electrogas, etc.

5. Radiological Safety Principles Review

    a. Controlling personnel exposure

    b. Time, distance, shielding concepts

    c. ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable)
       concept

    d. Radiation-detection equipment

    e. Exposure-device operating characteristics

Film Quality and Manufacturing Processes Course

1. Review of Basic Radiographic Principles

    a. Interaction of radiation with matter

    b. Math review

    c. Exposure calculations

    d. Geometric exposure principles

    e. Radiographic-image quality parameters

2. Darkroom Facilities, Techniques, and Processing

    a. Facilities and equipment

        (1) Automatic film processor vs. manual processing

        (2) Safe lights

        (3) Viewer lights

        (4) Loading bench

        (5) Miscellaneous equipment

    b. Film loading

        (1) General rules for handling unprocessed film

        (2) Types of film packaging

        (3) Cassette-loading techniques for sheet and roll

    c. Protection of radiographic film in storage

    d. Processing of film - manual

        (1) Developer and replenishment

        (2) Stop bath

        (3) Fixer and replenishment

        (4) Washing

        (5) Prevention of water spots

        (6) Drying

    e. Automatic film processing

    f. Film filing and storage

        (1) Retention-life measurements

        (2) Long-term storage

        (3) Filing and separation techniques

    g. Unsatisfactory radiographs - causes and cures

        (1) High film density

        (2) Insufficient film density

        (3) High contrast

        (4) Low contrast

        (5) Poor definition

        (6) Fog

        (7) Lightleaks

        (8) Artifacts

    h. Film density

        (1) Step-wedge comparison film

        (2) Densitometers

3. Indications, Discontinuities, and Defects

    a. Indications

    b. Discontinuities

        (1) Inherent

        (2) Processing

        (3) Service

    c. Defects

4. Manufacturing Processes and Associated
    Discontinuities

    a. Casting processes and associated discontinuities

        (1) Ingots, blooms, and billets

        (2) Sand casting

        (3) Centrifugal casting

        (4) Investment casting

    b. Wrought processes and associated
        discontinuities

        (1) Forgings

        (2) Rolled products

        (3) Extruded products

    c. Welding processes and associated discontinuities
       
        (1) Submerged arc welding (SAW)

        (2) Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW)

        (3) Gas metal arc welding (GMAW)

        (4) Flux corded arc welding (FCAW)

        (5) Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW)

        (6) Resistance welding

        (7) Special welding processes - electron beam,
             electroslag, electrogas, etc.

5. Radiological Safety Principles Review

    a. Controlling personnel exposure

    b. Time, distance, shielding concepts

    c. ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable)  
        concept

    d. Radiation-detection equipment

    e. Exposure-device operating characteristics
 

Radiographic Evaluation and Interpretation Course

1. Radiographic Viewing

    a. Film-illuminator requirements

    b. Background lighting

    c. Multiple-composite viewing

    d. Penetrameter placement

    e. Personnel dark adaptation and visual acuity

    f. Film identification

    g. Location markers

    h. Film-density measurement

    i. Film artifacts

2. Application Techniques

    a. Multiple-film techniques

        (1) Thickness-variation parameters

        (2) Film speed

        (3) Film latitude

    b. Enlargement and projection

    c. Geometrical relationships

        (1) Geometrical unsharpness

        (2) Penetrameter sensitivity

        (3) Source-to-film distance

        (4) Focal-spot size