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(3) Calibration
(a) Basic
instrument calibration
(b)
Calibration blocks (types and use)
b. Digital thickness instrumentation
c. Transducer operation and theory
(1) Piezoelectric effect
(2) Types of crystals
(3) Frequency (crystal-thickness
relationships)
(4) Nearfield and farfield
(5) Beam spread
(6) Construction, materials, and
shapes
(7) Types (straight, angle, dual,
etc.)
(8) Beam-intensity characteristics
(9) Sensitivity, resolution, and
damping
(10)Mechanical vibration into part
d. Couplants
(1) Purpose and principles
(2) Materials and their efficiency
4. Basic Testing Methods
a. Contact
b. Immersion |
Basic Ultrasonic Course
1. Introduction
a. Definition of ultrasonics
b. History of ultrasonic testing
c. Applications of ultrasonic energy
d. Basic math review
e. Responsibilities of levels of certification
2. Basic Principles of Acoustics
a. Nature of sound waves
b. Modes of sound-wave generation
c. Velocity, frequency, and wavelength of sound
waves
d. Attenuation of sound waves
e. Acoustic impedance
f. Reflection
g. Refraction and mode-conversion
h. Snell's law and critical angles
i. Fresnel and Fraunhofer effects
3. Equipment
a. Basic pulse-echo instrumentation (A-, B-, and C- scan)
(1) Electronics - time base, pulser,
receiver, and
cathode-ray tube (CRT)
(2) Control functions
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b. Calibration of equipment
electronics
(1) Variable effects
(2) Transmission accuracy
(3) Calibration requirements
(4) Calibration reflectors
c. Inspection calibration
(1) Comparison with reference blocks
(2) Pulse-echo variables
(3) Reference for planned tests
(straight-beam,angle-beam, etc.)
(4) Transmission factors
(5) Transducer
(6) Couplants
(7) Materials
3. Straight-Beam Examination to Specific Procedures
a. Selection of parameters
b. Test standards
c. Evaluation of results
d. Test reports
4. Angle-Beam Examination to Specific Procedures
a. Selection of parameters
b. Test standards
c. Evaluation of results
d. Test reports |
Ultrasonic Technique Course
1.
Testing Methods
a. Contact
(1) Straight-beam
(2) Angle-beam
(3) Surface-wave
(4) Pulse-echo transmission
(5) Multiple transducer
(6) Curved surfaces
b. Immersion
(1) Transducer in water
(2) Water column, wheels, etc.
(3) Submerged test part
(4) Sound-beam path Ñ transducer to
part
(5) Focused transducers
(6) Curved surfaces
c. Comparison of contact and immersion methods
2. Calibration (Electronic and Functional)
a. Equipment
(1) Cathode-ray tube (amplitude,
sweep, etc.)
(2) Recorders
(3) Alarms
(4) Automatic and semiautomatic
systems
(5) Electronic distance/amplitude
correction
(6) Transducers |
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3. Evaluation
of Weldments
a. Welding processes
b. Weld geometries
c. Welding discontinuities
d. Origin and typical orientation of
discontinuities
e. Response of discontinuities to ultrasound
f. Applicable codes/standards
4. Evaluation of Bonded Structures
a. Manufacturing processes
b. Types of discontinuities
c. Origin and typical orientation of
discontinuities
d. Response of discontinuities to ultrasound
e. Applicable codes/standards
5. Discontinuity Detection
a. Sensitivity to reflections
(1) Size, type, and location of
discontinuities
(2) Techniques used in detection
(3) Wave characteristics
(4) Material and velocity
(5) Discontinuity
b. Resolution
(1) Standard reference comparisons
(2) History of part
(3) Probability of type of
discontinuity
(4) Degrees of operator
discrimination
(5) Effects of ultrasonic frequency
(6) Damping effects
c. Determination of discontinuity size
(1) Cathode-ray tube (CRT) display
and
meter indications
(2) Transducer movement vs. display
(3) Two-dimensional testing
techniques
(4) Signal patterns
d. Location of discontinuity
(1) CRT display
(2) Amplitude and linear time
(3) Search technique
6. Evaluation
a. Comparison procedures
(1) Standards and references
(2) Amplitude, area, and distance
relationship
(3) Application of results of other
NDT
methods
b. Object appraisal
(1) History of part
(2) Intended use of part
(3) Existing and applicable code
interpretation
(4) Type of discontinuity and
location
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Ultrasonic
Evaluation Course
1. Review of Ultrasonic Technique Course
a. Principles of ultrasonics
b. Equipment
c. Testing techniques
d. Calibration
(1) Straight-beam
(2) Angle-beam
(3) Resonance
(4) Special applications
2. Evaluation of Base-Material Product Forms
a. Ingots
(1) Process review
(2) Types, origin, and typical
orientation of
discontinuities
(3) Response of discontinuities to
ultrasound
(4) Applicable codes/standards
b. Plate and sheet
(1) Rolling process
(2) Types, origin, and typical
orientation of
discontinuities
(3) Response of discontinuities to
ultrasound
(4) Applicable codes/standards
c. Bar and Rod
(1) Forming process
(2) Types, origin, and typical
orientation of
discontinuities
(3) Response of discontinuities to
ultrasound
(4) Applicable codes/standards
d. Pipe and tubular products
(1) Manufacturing process
(2) Types, origin, and typical
orientation of
discontinuities
(3) Response of discontinuities to
ultrasound
(4) Applicable codes/standards
e. Forgings
(1) Process review
(2) Types, origin, and typical
orientation of
discontinuities
(3) Response of discontinuities to
ultrasound
(4) Applicable codes/standards
f. Castings
(1) Process review
(2) Types, origin, and typical
orientation of
discontinuities
(3) Response of ultrasound to
discontinuities
(4) Applicable codes/standards
g. Other product forms as applicable - rubber,
glass, etc. |
